PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY IN LARVAL SPEA (ANURA: SCAPHIOPODIDAE): ASSEMBLING DISPARATE KNOWLEDGE FOR A COHESIVE UNDERSTANDING WITH A FOCUS ON SPEA HAMMONDII

Edward L Ervin; Merkel & Associates, Inc.; eervin@merkelinc.com; Jackson D. Shedd, Steve Morey, C. Magdalena Wolf, Frank Santana, Tara de Silva, Jeremy Pittman

Anurans of the genus Spea are often cited as having the potential for producing polymorphic larvae. However, based on our reexamination of historic information, documentation for this larval adaptation for each of the four species was variable, spanning from verified to not-well documented. Although polymorphic larvae are better studied in Spea multiplicata and S. bombifrons, and documented in S. intermontana, there is a paucity of published details for S. hammondii. Additionally, due to a complicated taxonomic history many older publications discussing polymorphic larvae with hammondii” in its name are now recognized as describing S. multiplicata. We will present a review of what has been published for polymorphism in larval S. hammondii. We also discuss and differentiate between the rare carnivore morphotype, and feeding behaviors of the omnivore form (cannibalism, carnivory), that could potentially be misinterpreted the behavior as the carnivore morphotype. We conclude that more studies are needed to determine an accurate understanding of the geographic distribution, frequency of occurrence, and under what conditions, polymorphic larva occur in S. hammondii.

Natural History of Amphibians